"A Single Draft of the Book of Mormon"©

101 Reasons Why I Believe Joseph Smith Was A Prophet

Evidence Forty-four: 
A Single Draft of the Book of Mormon.©
Revised 7, 12, 21 January, 6 February, 7 April 2016, 15 June 2020, 23 March 2023

Book of Mormon expert John (Jack) Welch called attention to a very important piece of evidence which points to the involvement of divine inspiration in the translation of the Book of Mormon.(1) Most Latter-day Saints are familiar with the general mode of translation in which Joseph Smith dictated the text to his scribes, primarily Oliver Cowdery. Extensive study of the existing 28% of the original manuscript over that last three or four decades has produced many interesting insights. A major one is that the manuscript is relatively clean. Though it shows many corrections of spelling and grammar mistakes, scribal errors and lack of punctuation account for the bulk of corrections found on the document. There are very few alterations of the text, suggesting a remarkable thing–even a “marvelous work and wonder.” In a 1997 Ensign article about the translation, Elder Neal A. Maxwell spoke of several “marvels” of the translation process. His second one was that “rarely would Joseph go back, review, or revise what had already been done.” He continued,

“If one were manufacturing a text, he would constantly need to cross-check himself, to edit, and to revise for consistency. Had the Prophet dictated and revised extensively, there would be more evidence of it. But there was no need to revise divinely supplied text. Whatever the details of the translation process, we are discussing a process that was truly astonishing!(2) 

What we know of the translation process affirms that it was one smooth dictation. Joseph’s wife Emma assisted him as a scribe between the time when Martin Harris was no longer permitted to work with Joseph because of the loss of the 116 pages, and the arrival of Oliver Cowdery in the spring of 1829, and she knew the process well. She was interviewed about the translation of the Book of Mormon several times and from her we learn two important facts relating to this issue of producing an unedited draft.  First, the translation moved forward smoothly.Though without much formal education Joseph helped his scribes with spelling. Emma reported:

... when he came to proper names he could not pronounce, or long words, he spelled them out, and while I was writing them if I made any mistake in spelling, he would stop me and correct my spelling, although it was impossible for him to see how I was writing them down at the time. Even the word Sarah he could not pronounce at first, but had to spell it, and I would pronounce it for him.(3)

Even more important to the point of this essay, she told her son Joseph Smith III, “When he stopped for any purpose at any time he would, when he commenced again, begin where he left off without any hesitation....” Later in the same interview when ask about the book’s authenticity she returned to this point. For Emma, the one person who knew Joseph the most intimately of all, this was especially impressive.  She said:

... your father would dictate to me hour after hour; and when returning after meals, or any interruption, he would at once begin where he had left off, without either seeing the manuscript or having any portion of it read to him. This was a usual thing for him to do. It would have been improbable that a learned man could do this; and, for one so ignorant and unlearned as he was, it was simply impossible.(4)

Second, he did not use outside resources while he dictated. In the same interview Joseph III asked his mother, “Had he not a book or manuscript from which he read, or dictated to you?” She replied, “He had neither manuscript nor book to read from.” Joseph followed up, “Could he not have had, and you not know it?” “If he had anything of the kind,” she responded, “he could not have concealed it from me.”(5) Joseph III reaffirmed this point in an 1879 letter. He reported that the “larger part of this labor” of translating

was done in her presence, and where she could see and know what was being done; that during no part of it did Joseph Smith have any Mss. or Book of any kind from which to read, or dictate, except the metalic [sic] plates, which she knew he had.(6)

All evidence suggest that the entire Book of Mormon was dictated to scribes in somewhere between a 60 and 90 day period. Many people find the speed of the translation the big miracle here.  For me the biggest miracle of all is that he dictated one draft and he got it right and complete the first time through!

You do not have to take my word for it. You can see for yourself. The original manuscript is now being prepared for publication as part of the Joseph Smith Papers project and you can see two pages of it online at the project’s website. Moreover, since 2001, we have had available a meticulous typographical transcript prepared by the world’s leading expert on the text of the Book of Mormon, BYU professor Royal Skousen.(7) It also has photos of five or six full pages of the manuscript and numerous fragments. To me, the most obvious characteristic of those pages is how clean they are. Commentary about the pages at the project website says:“The text transcribed here, as with other extant portions of the original manuscript, exhibits very few signs of editing. It contains spelling errors characteristic of each particular scribe.”(8)

Welch’s point is, try dictating a formal letter to a secretary and get it the way you want it the first time through without having to go back and edit, rewrite, rearrange, add, delete, or polish drafts.  If it is difficult to get a single letter dictated correctly the first time through, what does one say about a book of over 530 pages dictated with some minor exceptions, with no crossing out and restarting, virtually no rewrites or revisions, no extensive alterations or modifications, no clipping and pasting portions of texts from one place to another as is common today with a modern computer, no adding, deleting or word substitution--no evidence whatsoever of polishing the text? Almost nothing– except fixing some spelling, capitalization, punctuation and grammar. What a miracle! I’m not kidding, nor am I over exaggerating. Joseph Smith dictated an entire book of over 500 pages in less than 90 days and got it correct the first and only time through. By itself this constitutes a miracle of monumental proportions if you know anything about translating, writing, and publishing.(9) I agree with Elder Maxwell, "astonishing" is the correct word!

I know Welch’s point to be true first hand. Somewhere during my education I picked up the idea that it takes at least seventeen drafts of something to get it correct. Publishing things without error is not as easy as it seems–even if we are only talking about simple things like spelling errors, proper verb tenses, and other minor grammatical matters. I do not claim to have a mind even in the same universe as Joseph Smith’s, but I cannot tell you how often I've done at least seventeen drafts of things I have written before I felt confident they were even close to correct. I had an interesting experience as a mission president in California along these lines. I was working with two assistants in producing some materials for distribution to the mission. I casually remarked to them that I wanted to proofread what they wrote and for them not to be surprised if it took us seventeen drafts to get it right. I forgot about that remark, but when we finally got to the publishing stage one of the assistants with a somewhat astonished tone in his voice reported that it took seventeen drafts to get this right!

I know of four other examples that are impressive in this regard of writing and rewriting, that further elevate Joseph’s production of a manuscript for a 588 page book in one clean draft–one of the greatest miracles associated with the Book of Mormon–with evidence to prove it in the existing manuscripts. 

The first occurred on Thursday, 21 January 2016, when I received in the mail a used book about the Book of Mormon I ordered over the Internet. I was delighted to discover in the final chapter, “A Tribute to Joseph Smith, the Translator,” the following assessment of his work in dictating the original manuscript compared to their writing of a commentary on 1 Nephi 1-18. It expresses an opinion similar to my own expressed above.

Joseph Smith translated the entire Book of Mormon in about sixty-three days, or just under eight and a half pages per day. In other words, all of the Book of First Nephi would have been translated in about a week.  

By contrast we have been researching this material for six years and writing for four. We have made numerous field trips each year to examine the terrain and the lands over which Joseph proposed the family traveled. Between us we have covered some fifty thousand miles of desert. Each chapter has been written and rewritten, researched for accuracy, proofread and submitted for criticism, then rewritten again. We have had access to hundreds of works, many of which we cite in this book. Yet our work is only a commentary on Joseph’s original, which he wrote, with no time for outside research, in his “spare time” in little over a week.  

Each original draft of a chapter of this book had hundreds of errors, even with the help of modern word processing programs, and we spent much of our time proofreading each other’s work for errors.  We have invariably returned chapters with numerous crossed out or eliminated passages on every page. There has not been a time when we have proofread a chapter, when we have not found errors, no matter how meticulous we were in its preparation. By contrast, Joseph Smith made amazingly few changes in the Book of Mormon. About a quarter of the original manuscript is held by the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day [sic] Saints and the pages hold few crossed out passages. The vast majority of the changes that were made when the book went to publication were spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and grammar.(10)

The second is a report that then Elder (now President) Russell M. Nelson wrote over forty drafts of a recent conference talk!  We only know of this because he gave Elder Tad R. Callister permission to speak of it in his October 2017 conference talk, “God’s Compelling Witness: The Book of Mormon.”(11)  The third  is a similar case.  In October 2017, Elder Neil Andersen describing to the Church a little bit about how general conference talks are prepared related a time he asked Elder Dallin H. Oaks if he prepared a separate talk for each stake conference he visited.  "He responded that he did not," Elder Andersen said, "but he added, 'But my general conference talks are different.  I may go through 12 to 15 drafts to be sure that I say what the Lord would have me say.'"(12)

The fourth example is from Elder Callister himself. In a Church News article introducing the Book of Mormon as the 2020 Sunday School curriculum he related his own experience writing his 2019 book, The Case for the Book of Mormon. He said,

When I recently finished writing a book about the Book of Mormon, my secretary unexpectedly asked me, “Do you know how many drafts you had?”  I replied, “No.”  To which she responded, “72.” I thought, “Wow. It took me two concentrated years of writing, and many previous years of thinking and collecting ideas, with multitudinous notes constantly in front of me, to write a book less than half the length of the Book of Mormon and far less meaningful, and 72 drafts to do so.”

It reminds me of the observation of Hank Smith: “Someone with an experience is never at the mercy of someone with an opinion.” Accordingly, no one can ever convince me that Joseph Smith at age 23, trying to eke out a living on the edge of the frontier, with only primitive writing skills and no notes in front of him, wrote this historical and doctrinal masterpiece in a single draft in approximately 65 days, let alone in any time frame. It is beyond rational belief.(13)

To attribute this accomplishment to the mind and genius of Joseph Smith would place him among the most elite class of intellects and constitute one of the most astounding achievements in human history. People who attribute authorship of the Book of Mormon to Joseph Smith hardly understand what they are really saying. While I acknowledge he was one of the “master spirits” to come to this earth and one of its supreme spiritual intellects, it really takes a great deal more faith to believe that human genius is capable of producing the Book of Mormon under the conditions just described than it does to believe that God helped him. But there is more.

This is all the more miraculous and wondrous when we consider it in the context of several other matters. First, the convoluted sequence of translation. Evidence shows that after the loss of the 116 pages, rather than start anew with the “Small Plates of Nephi” which contain 1 and 2 Nephi, and which are the beginning of the present book, what Joseph and Oliver did was continue to translate the “Large Plates of Nephi.” This  meant they did Mosiah, Alma, and Helaman, through to the end of the book, and then they worked on the Small Plates last. Imagine under these circumstances, as an example, the challenge of not making a blunder in the complex timeline found in the Book of Mormon with several major groups of people migrating to the Americas from the Old World and with several significant and complex flashbacks, but dictate it correctly in the first and only draft, all without notes, without reworking it, without polishing it! Marylynne  Linford, author of a recent book about the vocabulary in the Book of Mormon said “This is a stunning achievement because the history, logic, doctrine, and organization are in order and build incrementally, chapter by chapter, from page 1 to page 531.”(14)

Second, as we have already alluded to, consider the complexity of the book as a whole. In this respect Welch observes, “Considering the Book of Mormon’s theological depth, historical complexity, consistency, clarity, artistry, accuracy, and profundity, the Prophet Joseph’s translation is a phenomenal achievement–even a miraculous feat.”(15) It is even more so in light of the evidence suggesting it was accomplished in one dictation. Marylynne Linford said this about the book’ complexity: “...the Book of Mormon is not arranged chronologically. There are flashbacks in Mosiah and Words of Mormon; Ether is way out of order. And there is no uniformity in the length of the books. Alma is long, and others, such as Jarom and Words of Mormon, are only a couple of pages. The historical time period of some books is a few decades, while others like Omni and 4 Nephi cover centuries.  Ether spans over a thousand years. To add to this maze are 202 people and 118 places that weave in and out through verses and time lines."(16) It was Hugh Nibley’s testimony that, “For all its simple and straight-forward narrative style, this history is packed as few others with a staggering wealth of detail that completely escapes the casual reader.The whole Book of Mormon is a condensation, and a masterly one; it will take years simply to unravel the thousands of cunning inferences and implications that are wound around its most matter-of-fact statements. Only laziness and vanity lead the student to the early conviction that he has the final answers on what the Book of Mormon contains.”(17) Making a similar point, Noel B. Reynolds observed, "Many of these relationships have taken scholars longer to sort out than it took Joseph Smith to translate the entire book."(18)

Third, consider another important insight from Jack Welch. “Even more remarkable are the extensive, intricate consistencies within the Book of Mormon. Passages tie together precisely and accurately though separated from each other by hundreds of pages of text and dictated weeks apart.” Jeffery R. Holland wrote, “In spite of the fact that it is written by a series of prophets who had different styles and different experiences, in spite of the fact that it has some unabridged materials mixed with others that have been greatly condensed, in spite of the fact that it has unique and irregular chronological sequences, it is a classic book—Aristotle’s kind of book: unified, whole, verses fitting with verses, chapters fitting with chapters, books fitting with books. It has these ideal qualities because it is the clear, compelling word of God, revealed through his chosen prophets.”(189 There are a number of remarkable examples in the story line, in prophecy and its subsequent fulfillment, or in references by one author relative to the writings, teachings, doctrines and activities of another which demonstrate this internal consistency.

Welch cites four striking examples. I have selected one to conclude this brief discussion of the amazing phenomenon of an entire book published from the manuscript of a onetime, unrevised dictation.

Early in the Book of Mormon history, King Benjamin set forth a five-part legal series prohibiting (1) murder, (2) plunder, (3) theft, (4) adultery, and (5) any manner of wickedness. This five-part list, which first appears in Mosiah 2:13, uniformly reappears seven other times in the Book of Mormon (see Mosiah 29:36; Al 23:3; 30:10; Helaman 3:14; 6:23; 7:21; and Ether 8:16). Apparently the Nephites viewed Benjamin’s set of laws as setting a formulaic precedent.(20)

How could Joseph keep all the various threads of history, religion and doctrine, politics and government, culture and society, economics, warfare, and family history, to name some of the more prominent themes in the book, in his mind? How could he possibly write a single draft without rewriting a sentence, substituting a word or phrase, revising a paragraph, rearranging the structure of a chapter? It is a mind boggling achievement when considered in its true light. For me genius is not a credible explanation. For me the miracle can only be explained in one way; he translated an ancient religious record by the “gift and power of God.”

In one clean unrevised inspired draft!

Thank God for Joseph Smith!

Let’s think together again, soon.

Notes:

1.  John W. Welch, ed., Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The F.A.R.M.S. Updates (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992), pp. 21-23.

2.  Neal A. Maxwell, “‘By the Gift and Power of God,’” Ensign (January 1997): 39, 40.  I read this article twice and didn’t recognize the importance of what Elder Maxwell was saying.  It was not until I had written the first two drafts of this essay that I read his talk again.  It was so much more impressive to me now that I was consciously attending to the idea that I decided to make a third revision and include his statements.  In addition, the Printer's Manuscript which Oliver Cowdery produced by carefully copying the original, "shows no sign of any conscious editing on Oliver Cowdery's part." Welch, Reexploring the Book of Mormon, p. 11.

Moreover, in April 2016, I had occasion to read another of Elder Maxwell's talks about the Book of Mormon and was delighted to discover the following two paragraphs:

We will now show you an example, or a picture of Oliver Cowdery’s handwriting.  This happens to be a photo of the original manuscript, the end of 1 Nephi 4 and the beginning of 1 Nephi 5.  You will notice one interesting thing, there is no punctuation; there are no paragraphs; no editing or revising.  No wonder when they took it to the Grandin press that Mr. Gilbert decided he’d better put some punctuation in the Book of Mormon, which he did—and this is why we had to revise later some of that punctuation

Even so, the most impressive thing is not the rapid rate of Joseph’s translation, it is the marvelous flow. When I write, uninspired as my writings may be, I move things all over.  I do drafts, canceling this out, moving that from here to there, etc.  Such revising is not in the original manuscript. It simply flows under the gift and power of God.

Neal A. Maxwell, untitled address to the Seminar for New Mission Presidents, 21 June 1996, p. 3, copy in my possession, emphasis added.

3.  Edmund C. Briggs, “A Visit to Nauvoo in 1856,” Journal of History 9 (October 1916): 454, reproduced in, Opening the Heavens: Accounts of Divine Manifestations, 1820-1844, edited by John W. Welch with Erick B. Carlson, (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2005), p. 129.

4.  This interview was published twice: “Joseph Smith III, “Last Testimony of Sister Emma,” Saints Herald 26 (1 October 1879): 289-90; and Joseph Smith III, “Last Testimony of Sister Emma,” Saints’ Advocate 2 (October 1879): 50-52.  My quote comes from a reproduction in Welch, Opening the Heavens, pp. 130-131.

5.  Welch, Opening the Heavens, p. 130.

6.  Joseph Smith III to James T. Cobb, 14 February 1879, Community of Christ Library-Archives, reproduced in Welch, Opening the Heavens, pp. 131-132.

7.  Royal Skousen, ed., The Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon: Typographical Facsimile of the Extant Text (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2001).  I own a copy of this publication and the following statements come from an analysis of it sitting in front of me at the moment.   Photo facsimiles are found on pp. 39-54.  Note particularly the clarity and cleanness of the one on page 45.  The typescript facsimile (line-for-line transcription and format), shows that the vast majority of corrections are spelling and grammar.  The text itself shows almost no other signs of editing–few scratch outs, no rewrites, revisions, or polishing.  Such deletions and overwriting as do occur in the text are discussed on pages 21-22, and 28 of the Introduction.

8.http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/book-of-mormon-manuscript-excerpt-circa-June-1829-1-nephi-22b 318ap=1&highlight=Original%20manuscript%20of%20the%20book%20of%20mormon#!/paperSummary/book-of-mormon-manuscript-excerpt-circa-june-1829-1-nephi-22b-318a&p=1   Accessed 29 December 2015.

9.  I just read an interview with David Mcullough the famous historian.  He said it took him six years to research and write his book on John Adams, but the problem is that in that period of time he changed, his family changed, and he knew more about Adams at the end than he did at the first.  The interviewer asked him what he did with the earlier chapters.  McCullough replied, “The voice has to stay the same. So you go back and work on them, in a way, as a painter will work all over the whole canvas. I work on the front and the back and the middle all at once.” [See: http://www.neh.gov/about/awards/jefferson-lecture/david-mccullough-interview] This is somewhat typical of many writers, constantly rewriting, revising, polishing.

10. George Potter and Richard Wellington, Lehi in the Wilderness: 81 New Documented Evidences that the Book of Mormon is a True History (Springville, UT: Cedar Fort, 2003), p. 170.  After reading of their diligence and hard work in writing this book, I cannot resist calling attention to an error in the name of the Church in the last paragraph.  The compound word Latter-day is incorrectly written latter-day! How fitting a contribution to this particular essay on evidence for the divine aid given to Joseph Smith!  [Note 15 June 2020:  Interestingly, this morning while making a major addition to this blog, I re-read the quotations included from Potter and Wellington's book which I moved from a footnote into the main text, and discovered my own typographical error which has been part of this blog since I entered this information in one of the early revisions. While pointing out their error in the name of the Church, I unwittingly included one of my own in reproducing their quotations.  So the imperfect process goes on, adding credibility to Joseph's effort with each new error discovered!]

11 Neil L. Andersen, “The Voice of the Lord,” Ensign (November 2017): 123.   

12.  Tad R. Callister, “God’s Compelling Witness: The Book of Mormon,” Ensign (November 2017): 108.  In his 2019 book, The Case for the Book of Mormon, Elder Callister mentioned this again and in a footnote wrote “President Nelson confirmed this fact to the author, via an email from his secretary, dated August 18, 2017, and gave permission to include it in the author’s general conference message of October 2017....”  See, Callister, The Case for the Book of Mormon, Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 2019, 232-233, and this quotation in note 6 on page 238.

13.  Tad R. Callister, “Elder Tad R. Callister: The Book of Mormon–man-made or God-given?” Church News, 19 January 2020.  Available online at:  
https://www.thechurchnews.com/living-faith/2020-01-19/book-of-mormon-man-made-or-god-given-callister-joseph-smith-172006

14.  Marilynne Todd Linford, The Book of Mormon is True: Evidences and Insights to Strengthen Your Testimony (American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications, 2015), p. 26.

15.  John W. Welch, Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The F.A.R.M.S. Updates (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992), p. 4.

16.  Marilynne Todd Linford, The Book of Mormon is True: Evidences and Insights to Strengthen Your Testimony (American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications, 2015), p. 27.

17.  Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert & The World of the Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1952), pp. 238-39.  

18. Noel B. Reynolds, “By Objective Measures: Old Wine into Old Bottles,” in Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, edited by Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch.  Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002, p. 148.  This was part of a larger statement making similar points to those cited above.  Reynolds wrote, "One of the strongest arguments for the antiquity of the Book of Mormon is the amazing depth of complexity addressed in a consistent manner throughout the book.  This argument, first developed and perfected by Hugh Nibley, points to Joseph Smith’s lack of education and his dictation of the Book of Mormon line by line without notes and without reviewing what was said minutes, hours, days, or even months earlier.  Yet despite these circumstances, a large number of complex relationships are developed in the book and consistently maintained from beginning to end.  Many of these relationships have taken scholars longer to sort out than it took Joseph Smith to translate the entire book."

19.  Jeffery R. Holland, “Daddy, Donna, and Nephi,” Ensign 6 (September 1976): 7-8. 

20.  John W. Welch, Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The F.A.R.M.S. Updates (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992), p. 23, emphasis added.

Why I Believe: Evidence Forty-three: “Zingers” in the Book of Mormon, Part 1.

101 Reasons Why I Believe Joseph Smith Was A Prophet

Evidence Forty-three:

“Zingers” in the Book of Mormon, Part 1© 

To this point, I have not said a great deal about the Book of Mormon and the flood of evidences great and small which it provides to show that the Prophet Joseph Smith translated an authentic ancient document “by the gift and power of God.” But, since it is the subject of study in Gospel Doctrine class in Sunday School in 2016, I figured it would be a good opportunity to share some of the things found in the Book of Mormon which are “evidence” to me of Joseph’s divine calling and that the Book of Mormon is divinely inspired scripture.

Many of the items I will share under this theme are seemingly small, even insignificant things that are often overlooked in reading the book. However with the benefit of modern scholarship, many of what I have come to call “zingers” jump off of the page and show themselves to be both interesting and which add to the evidentiary case I am building and which help explain why I believe Joseph Smith was a prophet. And while many of these things have been brought to light, I am convinced that close reading, creative thinking, and dedicated research will bring yet more to light. Cumulatively, and they are certainly in the hundreds and maybe even in the thousands by now, they constitute a powerful collection of witnesses. I begin with a simple detail tucked into a description of the building activities of an apostate king sometime around 150 B.C.

A 1990 study by Alan R. Millard “documents archaeological evidence for the early use of iron to decorate beds (see Deuteronomy 3:11) and thrones, as well as bracelets and jewelry, weapons and royal swords” in ancient Israel.(1) “Although a person today would not normally think of using iron as a precious decoration, we can now see that this was actually done in antiquity.” Iron is grouped with other precious things because during this period it was hard to obtain, being manufactured by a difficult technique. The same was very likely true in the New World at the time of the Book of Mormon. John Welch tells us that “all New World references to iron in the book [of Mormon] mention it together with gold and silver and other precious things (see 2 Nephi 5:15; Jarom 1:8; Ether 10:23).” Welch also speculates, “Perhaps this metal was especially prized among the Nephites due to the great symbolic and spiritual value of the “rod of iron” in Lehi’s vision in 1 Nephi 8.”(2)

Therefore, it is with significant interest that we note a detail in the 11th chapter of Mosiah that might otherwise be overlooked, or which may become the object of criticism by Book of Mormon critics. Verse 8 describes how King Noah “built many elegant and spacious buildings; and he ornamented them with fine work of wood, and all manner of precious things, of gold, and of silver, and of iron, and of brass, and of ziff, and of copper....”  Zing!

As I sit in my swivel-chair at my desk, I lean back and ask myself, “If Joseph Smith were making up the Book of Mormon to deceive the religious world, why in that world would he ever think of describing 150 B.C. buildings as being decorated with iron?” I don’t have a good answer for that question. Before the Millard article, however, critics may have answered it by saying, “Well, it is in the same category as the horse in the New World, he just missed it that’s all.”  Hugh Nibley referred to such things as “Howlers” for the critics. Today, we know that in both cases Joseph Smith did not miss it!  For the believers they simply bring a rye smile to the lips and a twinkle to the eye.

Thank God for Joseph Smith!

Let’s think together again, soon.

Notes:

*  The idea of calling these evidences "zingers" is not original with me.  I got it from my friend John Fowles, who I think, may have taken it from Reed Durham.

1.  Alan R. Millard, “King Og’s Iron Bed–Fact or Fancy?”  Bible Review 6 (April 1990): 16-20.

2.  John W. Welch, “Decorative Iron in Early Israel,” in Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The F.A.R.M.S. Updates (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992), pp. 133-34. 

Why I Believe: Evidence Forty-two: Joseph Smith, 1 Corinthians 15:29 and Baptism for the Dead

101 Reasons Why I Believe Joseph Smith Was A Prophet

Evidence Forty-two:

Joseph Smith, 1 Corinthians 15:29 and Baptism for the Dead© 

(With a bibliography on baptism for the dead.)

This article is not intended to be a review of all the evidence ancient and modern to establish the Church’s position on the doctrine of baptism for the dead found in 1 Corinthians 15:29. There are numerous studies which have already done that.(1) My primary purpose is to call attention to one more example of how the revelations given to Joseph Smith answer knotty religious questions. I have argued, and will continue to maintain that one great distinctive feature of his mission as founding Prophet of the Restoration was to be the Lord’s conduit in answering important religious questions.

Lack of Consensus in Christian Interpretations

Almost since Paul wrote First Corinthians there has been dispute about chapter 15, verse 29, which reads:

29) Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all?  Why are they then baptized for the dead?

When I say that almost from the time Paul wrote that sentence it has been disputed, consider that back in 1887, Marvin Vincent, author of the multi-volume work Word Studies in the New Testament noted that “some thirty different explanations are given,” and concluded “it is best to admit frankly that we lack the facts for a decisive interpretation.”(2) A century later things had not changed except now we know there were even more interpretations than Vincent knew of. Gordon Fee, author of a commentary on First Corinthians, mentions forty different interpretations,(3) and in 1975 Hans Conzelmann, knew of two hundred.(4) Gene Brooks who did a study of the passage in 2005, noted that in recent years “scholars frustrated by a lack of consensus, have come to an exegetical impasse on the verse. Fresh approaches, therefore, have slowed to a trickle, and an uncomfortable agnosticism has settled over the verse in question.”(5) He further cites Fee and Richard DeMaris to the effect that there is “no satisfactory explanation of the practice,” and “No one knows in fact what was going on.” According to Brooks, Fee concludes, “The best one can do in terms of particulars is point out what appear to be the more viable options, but finally admit to ignorance.”(6)

There may be, however, one consensus among many scholars. That is, that though they do not know what 1 Cor. 15:29 means, many are certain the Mormons have it wrong. Again from Brooks: “Marcionites and Mormons have had no trouble approaching the verse for heretical purposes, but evangelical scholars have remained stumped over this verse dubbed one of the most difficult in the New Testament.”(7) That was from his introduction, but he returns to the subject later.  He cites the eminent and distinguished Theological Dictionary of the New Testament by Gerhard Frederich who says in reference to this verse, “None of the attempts to escape the theory of vicarious baptism in primitive Christianity seems to be wholly successful.” Brooks then observes, “That concession should make the Mormons happy.”(8) This is followed by a page of somewhat convoluted history of LDS baptism for the dead, with this conclusion:

Soon afterward Smith was baptized for his father who had just died.  (Alvin had already entered paradise through a legal loophole). Since that time the Mormon doctrine of baptism for the dead has baptized millions into the celestial kingdom. 

Back to reality, ....(9)

Brooks can hardly contain his contempt for the heretical Mormon practice. In his conclusions he comments, “This one verse has caused massive heretical misapplication on the basis of misinterpretation and / or mistranslation.”(10) In the introduction he lumps Mormons in with the Marcionites as heretics, but interestingly the paper never explains why the position of either or both is heretical. Nevertheless, given his evangelical background, it is not difficult to discern. Brooks’ biggest concern with the idea of vicarious baptism is the baptism itself. In explaining one interpretation of verse 29 he writes, “The difficulty with this rendering is a hint at endorsement of baptismal regeneration. The strength of this suggestion is that it takes into context chapter fifteen’s foregoing discussion on resurrection and and removes a reading encouraging heretical, esoteric vicarious baptism.”(10) And later in the paper, speaking of other interpretations he says, “Paul taught that faith alone is the condition for salvation, not any work, including baptism.”(11)

Though Brooks is aware that there are perhaps more than 200 differing interpretations of 1 Cor. 15:29, he is not reticent to add three more into the mix. The first proposed a new translation based on a study of Paul’s Greek usage; the second suggests that since there was no punctuation in the original Greek, that the verse may be punctuated differently giving it an entirely different meaning.(12) The third one proposes there may be a problem with the transmission and therefore of the translation of the verse. He notes that there is some parallel phrasing in the verse which “could be a set up for a scribal error,” most likely that of homoeoteleuton, “the omission of an intervening passage because the copyist’s eye had skipped from one ending to a second similar ending.”(13)

This review of the Brooks paper demonstrates once again the difficulty scholars have had in understanding 1 Cor. 15:29. It is a fairly typical example showing that interpretation is often based on one's theological bias to begin with. Brooks cannot consider the Mormon solution because he has accepted the Reformation doctrine of “grace alone” to the extent that even baptism is considered a “work” which is a priori heretical.

Joseph Smith and Salvation for the Dead

This brings me back briefly to Joseph Smith. Unlike Mr. Brooks who feels pretty certain he knows that the Mormon interpretation of 1 Cor. 15:29 grew out of Joseph’s concern for the premature death of his brother Alvin, the fact is, we do not know the role that either Alvin’s death or 1 Cor. 15:29 played in the origin of the Mormon practice of baptism for the dead. Joseph Smith did not tell us, so these are connections which historians make to provide some possibilities, especially if they do not believe in revelation, or in the case of some Latter-day Saint observers, to provide some possible background to the revelation. As helpful as this may be, we cannot be dogmatic about the origin of the practice. As I have mentioned elsewhere in this blog, Orson Pratt observed that the doctrines and practices of Mormonism did not come from the Bible, they came by revelation to Joseph Smith.(14) It is true that something like 1 Cor. 15:29 may have stimulated Joseph’s interest and ultimately been a catalyst for a revelation,(15) but I believe it is an error to attribute the Mormon practice of baptism for the dead to Joseph’s creative understanding and use of that verse based on his own genius.  

The doctrine of salvation for the dead is distinctive in Christianity. For me it is, as it was with Joseph Smith, one of the most glorious doctrines we have.(16)  It rounds out the theology of the Atonement and indeed, it completes the plan of salvation. It answers the thorny question, “What about those who die without knowing of Christ?” (which parenthetically, is a companion conundrum for Christians). It shows that Jesus Christ is the Savior of all of God’s children even those who died before he was on the earth or who have since passed into the spirit world without hearing or knowing of his redemptive work. It shows in the most powerful way the love, mercy, compassion, benevolence, and justice of our Heavenly Father. The LDS doctrine of salvation of the dead fits intricately, yet seamlessly, into the plan of salvation and gives the Saints intellectual and spiritual satisfaction.(17)  One of my favorite LDS authors, B. H. Roberts, added another interesting insight. He wrote that the doctrine of salvation of the dead

...vindicates the wisdom of Deity; for it must be a very imperfect wisdom that would construct a plan for the redemption of mankind so imperfect in its operations, so limited in its application as to miss the great majority of mankind, and leave them without redemption throughout the countless ages of eternity. But when one is given to understand [this doctrine] ... the wisdom, mercy, justice and love of God all stand out in bold relief; and man's heart is warmed with increased admiration and devotion to him; for it teaches him that he worships not a tyrant who delights in the miseries and damnation of his children, but One whose great pleasure and design it is to bring to pass the eternal happiness of man."(18)

I praise God for this wonderful evidence of the divine prophetic calling of Joseph Smith.

Thank God for him!

Let’s think together again, soon.

Endnotes:

1.  See particularly the studies of Hugh Nibley, John Tvedtnes, and David Paulsen and Brock Mason, in the bibliography below.

2.  Marvin R. Vincent, Word Studies in the New Testament, Volume III: The Epistles of Paul, (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1977) 3:276, at 1 Cor. 15:29. 

3.  Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, New International Commentary of the New Testament, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), 762.

4.  Hans Conzelman, I Corinthians, Hermeneia (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1975), p. 276 n., 120.  I hasten to add that on this and the previous footnote I have relied on a recent publication and have not yet been able to check the Fee and Conzelman references myself. See, Gene Brooks, “‘Baptized for the Dead’: A Study of 1 Cor. 15:29,” p. 2. Paper submitted for a class at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 30 November 2005.  Accessed through the Academia website at:

https://www.academia.edu/4022133/Baptized_for_the_Dead_An_exegetical_study_of_1_Cor._15_29-30 4 December 2015. Another online versions is here: http://www.oocities.org/genebrooks/ baptized-for-the-dead.html

5.  Brooks, p. 2.

6.  Brooks, pp. 2-3, citing Fee, op. cit., 763, and “Richard E. DeMaris, “Corinthian Religion and Baptism for the Dead (1 Corinthians 15:29): Insights from Archaeology and Anthropology.”  Journal of Biblical Literature, 114, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 661.

7.  Brooks, p. 2, emphasis added.

8.  Ibid., 16.

9.  Ibid.  The “reality” is that Brooks himself has only a superficial knowledge and understanding of the LDS concept of baptism for the dead, indeed, of LDS theology itself. Each of the three sentences in the first paragraph contain serious historical and doctrinal errors, none of which come from the Turley article. Indeed, Turley provides the necessary data to correct the mistakes in the first two, and if Brooks would have read the article carefully, he would not have made the final statement as well. It is sloppy work on his part.  

First, Joseph Smith was not baptized for his father. Joseph Smith, Sr., was a member of the Church and did not need baptism for the dead. The Turley article makes no mention of such a thing, but does say that a month after Joseph first preached the doctrine of baptism for the dead he was called to the bedside of his aging father. Joseph told his father of the privilege the Saints were given to be baptized on behalf of the dead and his father requested that Joseph be baptized for Alvin. (p. 36) This answers the parenthetical sentence which somehow misconstrued the doctrine, calling it a loophole. Brooks is probably referring to a vision Joseph received 21 January 1836 where he saw Alvin in the Celestial Kingdom. But Brooks apparently missed this statement by Turley later in the paper: “Other events would have to transpire before Alvin would make it to the celestial kingdom. After all, the requirement of baptism for those who had reached the age of accountability had not been abrogated, and Alvin had not been baptized. How could he be?  he answer would come later.”  (p. 34, emphasis mine.) Moreover in footnote 81 Turley wrote, “Nauvoo baptismal records show that Alvin was baptized at the instance of his brother Hyrum. Nauvoo Temple, Baptisms for the Dead 1840-45, Book A, 145, 149, Church Archives.”  Finally, there is no teaching in the Church which says that people who are baptized for the dead are “baptized ... into the celestial kingdom.” They have the opportunity to be there, but they first have to accept the vicarious work done for them, then progress from there–all of this in the spirit world. Brooks obviously did not read the Turley article carefully, or let his contempt for Mormonism cloud his vision. In either case, so much for his “reality.”

10. Ibid., 20.

11.  Ibid, p. 18, emphasis added.

12.  Ibid, p. 14. However, this is not a new idea proposed by Brooks; it is only one which he thinks may have potential.  See p. 20.

13.  Ibid.  The discussion is on pages 13-14, the comment about homoeoteleuton is on page 13.

14.  Orson Pratt, Conference Report, April 1880, p. 26, where he gives several examples to make his point.

15.  I believe this is precisely why the Lord assigned Joseph Smith to go through the Bible and revise it. Not so much perhaps, to produce a new and corrected text, but to stimulate Joseph’s thinking and questioning and take those questions to the Lord for clarification, understanding, and knowledge. He is explicitly told in D&C 42:56 to ask questions as he pursues the project and every evidence is that he did just that. The result was more than the JST. It included numerous revelations in the D&C. Thus, the JST project not only educated a prophet, but through the things he received from the Lord during the study, to educate the whole Church theologically. It along with the Book of Mormon and the records of Abraham bring to the Church the “fulness” of the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

16.  “Glorious” was Joseph’s word. “This doctrine appears glorious,” and “This glorious truth....” See Joseph Fielding Smith, comp., Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1967), p. 192, 3 October 1841. 

17.  Ibid., where he says, “This glorious truth is well calculated to enlarge the understanding, and to sustain the soul under troubles, difficulties and distresses.”

18.  B. H. Roberts, The Gospel, an Exposition of its First Principles and Man's Relationship to Deity, (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1965), pp. 236-37.

Bibliography on Baptism for the Dead

Adams, George J.  Lecture on the Doctrine of Baptism for the Dead; and Preaching to Spirits in Prison.  New York: C. A Calhoun, 1844.

Anderson, Richard L. “Appendix C: Baptism for the Dead.”  In Understanding Paul, 403-15.  Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1983.

Baugh, Alexander L.  “‘For Their Salvation is Necessary and Essential to Our Salvation:’ Joseph Smith and the Practice of Baptism and Confirmation for the Dead.”  In An Eye of Faith: Essays in Honor of Richard O. Cowan, edited by Kenneth L. Alford and Richard E. Bennett, 113-37.  Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, 2015.

Baugh, Alexander L.  “‘For this Ordinance Belongeth to My House’: The Practice of Baptism for the Dead Outside the Nauvoo Temple.” Mormon Historical Studies 3 (Spring 2002):47-58.

Baugh, Alexander L.  “The Practice of Baptism for the Dead Outside of Temples.” Religious Studies Center Newsletter 13 (September 1998): 3–6.

Bishop, M. Guy.  “‘What Has Become of Our Fathers?’ Baptism for the Dead at Nauvoo.” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 23 (Summer 1990): 85-97.

Christensen, Kendel J., Roger D. Cook, and David L. Paulsen.  “The Harrowing of Hell: Salvation for the Dead in Early Christianity.”  Journal of the Book of Mormon and other Restoration Scripture 19, no. 1 (2010): 56-77.

Crowley, Ariel L.  “The Epistle of Kallikrates and Baptism for the Dead.”  Improvement Era 48 (July 1945): 386, 430.

DeMaris, Richard E.  “Corinthian Religion and Baptism for the Dead (1 Corinthians 15:29): Insights from Archaeology and Anthropology.”  Journal of Biblical Literature 114  (Winter 1995): 661-82.

Engelder, Th.  “An Exegetical Curiosity.”  Concordia Theological Monthly, 3, no. 8 (August 1932): 622-624.

Foschini, Bernard M. “‘Those Who Are Baptized for the Dead,’ 1 Cor. 15:29.  An Exegetical and Historical Dissertation.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 13 (1951): 46-78, 172-98, 276-83.

Foschini, Bernard M.  “Those Who are Baptized for the Dead” 1 Cor. 15.29: An Exegetical Historical Dissertation.  Worcester, MA: Heffernan Press, 1951.

Hield, Charles R., and Russell F. Ralston.  Baptism for the Dead.  Independence, MO: Herald Publishing House, 1960.

Howard, J. K.  “Baptism for the Dead: A Study of 1 Corinthians 15:29.”  The Evangelical Quarterly 37 (July-September,1965): 137-41.

Hull, Michael F.  Baptism on Account of the Dead (1 Cor 15:29): An Act of Faith in the Resurrection. Leiden: Brill, 2005.

“Introduction of Baptism for the Dead.”  Improvement Era 42 (April 1939): 251.

Jensen, Nephi.  “Baptism for the Dead.”  Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine 15 (July 1924): 120-23.

Launius, Roger D.  “An Ambivalent Rejection: Baptism for the Dead and the Reorganized Church Experience.” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 23 (Summer 1990): 61-84.  

Mason, Brock M., and David L. Paulsen.  “Baptism for the Dead in Early Christianity.” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 19, no. 2 (2010): 22-49.

Millet, Robert L.  “I Have a Question.” [Was baptism for the dead a non-Christian practice in New Testament times (see 1 Cor 15:29), or was it a practice of the Church of Jesus Christ, as it is today?] Ensign 17 (August 1978): 19-21.

Moseley, A. G.  “Baptized for the Dead.”  Review and Expositor 49 (January 1952): 57-61.

Nibley, Hugh W.  “Baptism for the Dead in Ancient Times.”  Parts 1-5  Improvement Era 51 (December 1948:) 786-88, 836-38; 52 (January 1949): 24-26, 60; (February 1949): 90-91, 109-110, 112; (March 1949): 146-48, 180-83; (April 1949): 212-14.  Also in Mormonism and Early Christianity, 100-67.  The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 4.  Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1987.

Orme, Lafayette.   “Baptism for the Dead.”  Millennial Star 70 (April 9, 1908): 225-29.

Paulsen, David L., and Brock M. Mason.  “Baptism for the Dead in Early Christianity.”  Journal of Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scriptures 19, no. 2 (2010): 22-49.

Penrose, Charles W.  “Baptism for the Dead.” Millennial Star 100 (February 3, 1938): 74-76.
   
Petersen, Mark E.  “Early Christian Historians Tell of Baptism for the Dead.” Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine 24 (April 1933): 63-64.

Reaume, John D.  “Another Look at 1 Corinthians 15:29, ‘Baptized for the Dead.’” Bibliotheca Sacra 152 (October-December 1995): 457-75.

Skinner, Andrew C.  “Baptism for he Dead.”  In Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History, edited by Arnold K. Garr, Donald Q. Cannon, and Richard O. Cowan, 76-77. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2000.

Smith, Joseph.  “Baptism for the Dead.”  Times and Seasons (Nauvoo, Illinois 3 (April 1842): 759-61.

Thompson, K. C.  “1 Corinthians 15, 29 and Baptism for the Dead.”  In Studia Evangelica: Vol. II: Papers Presented to the Second International Congress on New Testament Studies Held at Christ Church, Oxford, 1961, edited by Frank M. Cross, 647-59.  Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1964.

Tobler, Ryan G.  “‘Saviors on Mount Zion’” Mormon Sacramentalism, Mortality, and the Baptism for the Dead.” Journal of Mormon History 39, no. 4 (Fall 2013): 182-238.

Turley, Richard E., Jr.  “Latter-day Saint Doctrine of Baptism for the Dead.” The BYU Family Historian 1, no. 1 (2002): 23-39.  Available online at:
http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=byufamilyhistorian

Tvedtnes, John A.  “Baptism for the Dead: The Coptic Rationale,” paper presented 5 June 1981 in Jerusalem, sponsored by the L.A. Mayer Memorial Museum of Islamic Art and the Israel Ministry of education and culture, later published in Special Papers of the Society for Early Historic Archaeology, No. 2 (September 1989).

Tvedtnes, John A.  “Baptism for the Dead in Early Christianity.”  In The Temple in Time and Eternity, edited by Donald W. Parry and Stephen D. Ricks, 55-78.  Provo, UT: FARMS, 1999.

Tvedtnes, John A.  ‘The Dead Shall Hear the Voice.’” FARMS Review of Books 10, no. 2 (1998):184-199.

Underwood, Grant.  “Baptism for the Dead: Comparing RLDS and LDS Perspectives.”  Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 23 (Summer,1990): 99-105.

White, Joel R.  “‘Baptized on Account of the Dead’: The Meaning of 1 Corinthians 15:29 in its Context.” Journal of Biblical Literature 116 (Autumn 1997): 487-99.

Man’s Ignorance and Misplaced Pride©

"Not upon mind, but upon morals, is human welfare founded. 

The true subjective history of man is not the history of his 

thought, but of his conscience; not that of his inventions, 

but of his vices and his virtues."

Charles Kingsley.

We live in a wonderful post-industrial society. We live in the age of technology and information.The computer and Internet have changed everything. Everything, except perhaps the nature of mankind. Even here, the computer, Internet, and information can help, but we must not be too hasty in our positive evaluation.

As a society, certainly American, but perhaps even world-wide culture, worship’s at the feet of human intellect. There are many manifestations, but perhaps the most obvious are the home-spun ones. What is it which parents are most proud of in their offspring?  The discussion isn’t usually this direct, but it isn’t difficult to discern the answer. Notice how often parents want others to know how “bright” their children are. Oh yes, they are excelling intellectually, getting straight “As” or have a schedule filled with AP and CE classes. Child prodigies quickly become international phenoms, their YouTube videos go viral with millions of hits. The word “genius” is bandied about to the extent it has almost lost its meaning.  Older children, we are told, are going to the best schools--Harvard, Stanford, Yale, or the "highest ranked school" for a particular discipline.

Add to this anecdotal evidence, that of grandparents! Where do they worship? At the feet of the “brightest grandchildren” on the planet. Two and three-year olds who read like sixth-graders, or who are “whizzes” with the I-pad, I-pod, and I-phone. They seem to come “hard-wired” for using technological gadgets, we are told by fawning grannies and grandpas.“All my grandkids have graduated from college, three have master’s degrees, two are doctors, two are attorneys, and two have PhDs!”  

Another evidence that parents and grandparents worship the intellect is the great amount of stress given to children by many to get good grades and excel intellectually. In this day of grade inflation and “nobody is a failure” we tell our children over and over how smart they are. Is it any wonder many of them believe it and become proud? “You are the brightest girl in the 7th grade, dear.” “I know, mom.” 

Ask yourself how many parents you know who place priority on the mind and “talent” who give much emphasis to “being good,” of having a sterling character, or being a man or woman full of integrity. Or, for Latter-day Saints, most important of all, of developing true spirituality? We let our children and grandchildren play games on their personal electronic devises by the hour, to the point that device almost becomes a nanny, but would we spend time helping them read scripture, memorize scripture, really learn how to pray, to serve mankind, and to have great spiritual experiences with anywhere near the amount of time or regularity of playing games?

This is not just a phenomenon of the parents and grandparents of the world. We Latter-day Saints, with the tremendous emphasis we place on education, may be the worst offenders of all.

Think about this. We are born into total ignorance. We know virtually nothing at birth. Yet, somehow we think if we spend eight, twelve, fourteen, or sixteen years in school we have something of which to be proud. If we could conceive of a finite amount of knowledge (which we probably can’t), we could liken it to all of the grains of sand in and around all the oceans, seas, lakes, and deserts of the world. How much of that knowledge does one gain through a high school education? Not even a teaspoon full. How about a bachelor’s degree? A tablespoon? Probably not. A master’s or PhD? Maybe a tablespoon, but I doubt it.  In 1995, one well-informed speaker told his audience  that there are more than 100,00 scientific journals which annually publish a flood of new knowledge coming out of the world's labs.  He went on to say:

There is much more ahead.  We barely understand the human brain and its energy; and the endless horizons of space and the mysteries found in the great depths of our seas are still virtually unknown to us.  Our science is indeed a drop, our ignorance remains an ocean.(1)

Consider a few examples of the growth and extent of knowledge. I have been studying temples, temple theology, and practice for ten years. In that time I have collected a bibliography related to temple studies which has over 8,900 entries and which fills over 700 manuscript pages in WordPerfect. I have been fairly diligent in my studies, but I have not yet read 10% of that information. A similar thing could be done with nearly any gospel topic such as the plan of salvation or LDS Church history. I have read a lot of Church history, but nowhere near what is available, and it is being produced faster than most who are experts in the field can keep up with. It is almost impossible to buy and house all the books available on Mormonism, and as the Church grows in membership more and more are writing about their faith.

Another example: you would be amazed at the amount of archaeological information which has accumulated from digs in Israel largely since the 1967 Six Day War (not to mention archaeological research around the world). Reports of the finds are published in several dozen or more professional journals as well as in monographs and multi-volume studies. There is so much information generated from this work that it is impossible for one person to find it and read it. Even archaeologist are specializing in specific areas of the field because the accumulated information is so vast.

These are just fields I am somewhat familiar with, but consider other disciplines, such as history. You can specialize in many, many areas of history as a student. Areas such as the history of various regions of the world, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America and the United States. But just take the United States; you can spend a lifetime learning about the Revolutionary period, the early national period, the Civil War, westward expansion, slavery, and two World Wars, not to mention the crash of the stock market and the depression, or the economic, social, and intellectual history of any one of these things. The possibilities are literally endless.

Think about medicine. Doctors spend many years to learn human anatomy, physiology, and the treatment of disease and injury. Many specializations exist in medicine and new ones are emerging as we continue to learn more. The proliferation of drugs and how they effect the body requires physicians to have information on these drugs available electronically just because they cannot know all of them or keep up with new ones. If we concentrated just on the eye as an illustration of the entire field, research is ongoing about its anatomy and physiology and one can learn for a lifetime about treatment of diseases of the eye or correcting its malfunctions and injuries. What do you know, what does the most knowledgeable expert know about how the images the eyes perceive are transferred through electronic signal to the brain for interpretation of size, shape, color, texture, distance, and so forth? What happens if you only have one eye? And we could go on with issues and questions seemingly indefinitely.

While you are thinking about the transfer of signals to the brain, stop for a moment and reflect on the ear, and about the remarkable transfer which sound waves make in the transition to physical vibration on the ear drum, which transfers it through the inner ear, then back to physical vibration of a small bone in the inner ear, then to the cochlea where the following happens:  "The cochlea is filled with a watery liquid, the perilymph, which moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear via the oval window.  As the fluid moves, the cochlear partition (basilar membrane and organ of Corti) moves; thousands of hair cells sense the motion via their stereocilia, and convert that motion to electrical signals that are communicated via neurotransmitters to many thousands of nerve cells. These primary auditory neurons transform the signals into electrochemical impulses known as action potentials, which travel along the auditory nerve to structures in the brainstem for further processing." Yet, we hear and interpret the sound almost instantaneously!

Or ponder cancer. For fifty years and more thousands of scientists around the world have been looking for a cure. Progress has been made on many fronts, but no cure yet. Many types of cancer have been cataloged, sometimes multiple variations of one strain. It seems like none of them act the same or respond the same to various therapies. There are now specialties in certain kinds of cancer; few would consider it possible to be an expert on cancer generally.  All this effort has not been in vain, however, because it has produced extensive knowledge, not only about cancer, but about genetics, chemistry in the cells, cell reproduction and mutation, and a score of other things I know nothing about and probably couldn’t pronounce. I venture a guess that the available knowledge about the various cancers and their treatments is so extensive that one individual could not read all the books and articles or master all the studies which have been produced during this half century. Need I say it?  We are talking about one disease, or perhaps more accurately, one category of disease!

Astronomy and space science are subjects that provide yet other good examples. The Hubble Space Telescope has been in operation for twenty-five years. It cruises around the earth at the altitude of 340 miles and at a speed of 17,000 miles per hour. It is used by scientists all over the world, who have to schedule time for their work. Here is the amazing thing, it downloads over 140 gigabites of raw scientific data every week! Even with computers to analyze the data, there is so much that one wonders if it is possible for a team, or many teams of scientists to process it, understand it, and make it intelligible and meaningful to humankind. Add to this the many other satellites which monitor a wide variety of activities from weather to algae production at the Amazon’s estuary, to lightning strikes and wild fires around the world; all which stream the data back to earth twenty-four hours a day. We have at least three mechanical robotic machines now on Mars sending back photos and other scientific data. Two of them have been operating since 2004, much longer than anyone anticipated. The analysis of the data received from these three machines alone will take an unknown amount of time to process. Add to this a number of space probes that have been sent through the solar system, some of which are still on duty, and the amount of knowledge being generated is difficult to imagine and impossible for one person to assimilate. These kinds of statistics, these patterns exist in most avenues of study and learning.

It is because these examples can be multiplied for every area of knowledge of which there are tens of thousands, that I say that getting a PhD is hardly a tablespoon of knowledge compared to the sum total of knowledge available.

Where, then, is there room for pride of intellect? The blessing of having a superior intellect is not something to be proud of or to give cause to be judgmental of others. It is a gift with a substantial responsibility attached to it. The responsibilities which come from possessing a mind, even an average one, include at a minimum, the constant development of that mind and humility before an omniscient Creator. That responsibility is not the priority, however, but a concurrent obligation with that of developing sterling character and genuine spirituality.  It is time to place the emphasis on a new priority.

Our knowledge of science has already outstripped our capacity to control it. We have too many men of science and too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon on the Mount. Man is stumbling blindly through a spiritual darkness while toying with the precarious secrets of life and death. The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants.   --Omar N. Bradley

Let’s think together again, soon.

Notes:

1.  Max Kampelman, “Democracy and Human Dignity: Political and Religious Values,” speech at the 300th Anniversary of Christ of Church Philadelphia, 14 November 1995, in Vital Speeches of the Day 62, no. 16 (1 June 1996): 483, emphasis added.

Five Fundamental Principles of Successful Living

As a young man I was captivated by James Allen’s classic little work As A Man Thinketh. I have read it several times since.  Its importance only grows for me. It was produced in 1903. Allen,  a British philosopher who lived from 1864 to 1912,  was a pioneer in today’s popular inspiration and self-help movement.  He also wrote many other things in this genre, all of which are now in the public domain. Recently I read a short essay titled “Right Principles” which I am reproducing for you below.  Allen argues that life, like the ten-based numbering system or the twenty-six letter alphabet from which millions of books have been produced, is built upon simple and fundamental “principles.” Here he discusses briefly the five most fundamental: Duty, Honesty, Economy, Liberality, and Self-Control–the most important of the lot according to Allen. As always, I am interested in your reactions to this very practical philosophy of life.

RIGHT PRINCIPLES

James Allen

It is wise to know what comes first, and what to do first. To begin anything in the middle or at the end is to make a muddle of it. The athlete who began by breaking the tape would not receive the prize. He must begin by facing the starter and toeing the mark, and even then a good start is important if he is to win. The pupil does not begin with algebra and literature, but with counting and ABC. So in life, the businessmen who begin at the bottom achieve the more enduring success; and the religious men who reach the highest heights of spiritual knowledge and wisdom are they who have stooped to serve a patient apprenticeship to the humbler tasks, and have not scorned the common experiences of humanity, or overlooked the lessons to be learned from them.

The first things in a sound life, and therefore, in a truly happy and successful life, are right principles. Without right principles to begin with, there will be wrong practices to follow with, and a bungled and wretched life to end with. All the infinite variety of calculations which tabulate the commerce and science of the world, come out of the ten figures; all the hundreds of thousands of books which constitute the literature of the world, and perpetuate its thought and genius, are built up from the twenty-six letters. The greatest astronomer cannot ignore the ten simple figures. The profoundest man of genius cannot dispense with the twenty-six simple characters. The fundamentals in all things are few and simple: yet without them there is no knowledge and no achievement. The fundamentals—the basic principles—in life, or true living, are also few and simple, and to learn them thoroughly, and study how to apply them to all the details of life, is to avoid confusion, and to secure a substantial foundation for the orderly building up of an invincible character and a permanent success; and to succeed in comprehending those principles in their innumerable ramifications in the labyrinth of conduct, is to become a Master of Life.

The first principles in life are principles of conduct. To name them is easy. As mere words they are on all men's lips, but as fixed sources of action, admitting of no compromise, few have learned them. In this short talk I will deal with five only of these principles. These five are among the simplest of the root principles of life, but they are those that come nearest to the everyday life, for they touch the artisan the businessman, the householder, the citizen at every point. Not one of them can be dispensed with but at severe cost, and he who perfects himself in their application will rise superior to many of the troubles and failures of life, and will come into these springs and currents of thought which flow harmoniously towards the regions of enduring success. The first of these principles is:

Duty — A much-hackneyed word, I know, but it contains a rare jewel for him who will seek it by assiduous application. The principle of duty means strict adherence to one's own business and just as strict non-interference in the business of others. The man, who is continually instructing others, gratis, how to manage their affairs, is the one who most mismanages his own. Duty also means undivided attention to the matter in hand, intelligent concentration of the mind on the work to be done; it includes all that is meant by thoroughness, exactness, and efficiency. The details of duties differ with individuals, and each man should know his own duty better then he knows his neighbor’s, and better than his neighbor knows his; but although the working details differ, the principle is always the same. Who has mastered the demands of duty?

Honesty is the next principle. It means not cheating or overcharging another. It involves the absence of all trickery, lying, and deception by word, look, or gesture. It includes sincerity, the saying what you mean, and the meaning what you say. It scorns cringing policy and shining compliment. It builds up good reputations, and good reputations build up good businesses, and bright joy accompanies well-earned success. Who has scaled the heights of Honesty?

Economy is the third principle. The conservation of one's financial resources is merely the vestibule leading towards the more spacious chambers of true economy. It means, as well, the husbanding of one's physical vitality and mental resources. It demands the conservation of energy by the avoidance of enervating self-indulgences and sensual habits. It holds for its follower strength, endurance, vigilance, and capacity to achieve. It bestows great power on him who learns it well. Who has realized the supreme strength of Economy?

Liberality follows economy. It is not opposed to it. Only the man of economy can afford to be generous. The spendthrift, whether in money, vitality, or mental energy, wasted so much on his own miserable pleasures as to have none left to bestow upon others. The giving of money is the smallest part of liberality. There is a giving of thoughts, and deeds, and sympathy, the bestowing of goodwill, the being generous towards calumniators and opponents. It is a principle that begets a noble, far-reaching influence. It brings loving friends and staunch comrades, and is the foe of loneliness and despair. Who has measured the breadth of Liberality?

Self-Control is the last of these five principles, yet the most important. Its neglect is the cause of vast misery, innumerable failures, and tens of thousands of financial, physical, and mental wrecks. Show me the businessman who loses his temper with a customer over some trivial matter, and I will show you a man who, by that condition of mind, is doomed to failure. If all men practiced even the initial stages of self-control, anger, with its consuming and destroying fire, would be unknown. The lessons of patience, purity, gentleness, kindness, and steadfastness, which are contained in the principle of self-control, are slowly learned by men, yet until they are truly learned a man's character and success are uncertain and insecure. Where is the man who has perfected himself in Self-Control? Where he may be, he is a master indeed.

The five principles are five practices, five avenues to achievement, and five source of knowledge. It is an old saying and a good rule that “Practice makes perfect,” and he who would make his own the wisdom which is inherent in those principles, must not merely have them on his lips, they must be established in his heart. To know them and receive what they alone can bring, he must do them, and give them out in his actions.

Let's think together again, soon.

Purpose Is the Key to Happiness

 Here is a news report of a speech given at BYU recently by one of their "favored" Catholics, Arthur C. Brooks.  He shared some great philosophy with them. I hope you enjoy it.  Click here:  Purpose Is the Key to Happiness

A Brief Account of Young Michael Faraday’s Successful Quest for Education

[I was greatly impressed with the following story of young Michael Faraday’s successful quest for an education. As a boy Faraday was an apprentice in a book binding shop and allowed to read the books he was working on in his off hours.]

One evening he read an encyclopedia passage on the most recent discoveries of electricity, and he suddenly felt as if he had found his calling in life. ... Somehow, he would transform himself into a scientist. 

This was not a realistic goal on his part and he knew it. In England at the time, access to laboratories and to science as a career was only open to those with a university education, which meant those from the upper classes. How could a bookbinder’s apprentice even dream of overcoming such odds? Even if he had the energy and desire to attempt it, he had no teachers, no guidance, no structure or method to his studies. Then in 1809 a book came into the shop that finally gave him some hope. It was called Improvement of the Mind– a self-help guide written by Reverend Isaac Watts, first published in 1741. The book revealed a system of learning and improving your lot in life, no matter your social class. It prescribed courses of action that anyone could follow, and it promised results. Faraday read it over and over, carrying it with him wherever he went.

He followed the book’s advice to the letter. For Watts, learning had to be an active process.  He recommended not just reading about scientific discoveries, but actually re-creating the experiments that led to them. And so, with Riebau’s blessing, Faraday began a series of basic experiments in electricity and chemistry in the back room of the shop. Watts advocated the importance of having teachers and not just learning from books. Faraday dutifully began to attend the numerous lecturers on science that were popular in London at the time.  Watts advocated not just listening to lectures but taking detailed notes, then reworking the notes themselves–all of this imprinting the knowledge deeper in the brain.  Faraday would take this even further

Attending the lecturers of the popular scientist John Tatum, each week on a different subject, he would note down the most important words and concepts, quickly sketch out the various instruments Tatum used, and diagram the experiments. Over the next few days he would expand the notes into sentences, and then into an entire chapter on the subject, elaborately sketched and narrated. In the course of a year this added up to a thick scientific encyclopedia he had created on his own. His knowledge of science had grown by leaps and bounds, and had assumed a kind of organizational shape modeled on his notes.(1)

Let’s think together again, soon.

Notes:

1.  Robert Greene, Mastery (New York: Penguin Books, 2012), pp. 96-97.  Watts's book is available for download at the Internet Archive and is available in a number of reprints at abebooks.com.

Why I Believe: Evidence Forty-one: The Withdrawal of the Spirit of the Lord from the World

101 Reasons Why I Believe Joseph Smith Was A Prophet

Evidence Forty-one: 

The Withdrawal of the Spirit of the Lord from the World© 

Accurate and fulfilled prophecies are evidences for the presence of the gift of prophecy.  Many such evidences exist showing that Joseph Smith enjoyed this gift. Today’s blog selects one very interesting and important example.  Late in August of 1831 the Lord told Joseph, “I, the Lord, am angry with the wicked; I am holding my Spirit from the inhabitants of the earth.”(1) Eighteen months later, on 4 January 1833, the Prophet wrote a letter to a newspaper editor in which he referred to this revelation and briefly cited some evidence for its fulfillment. He wrote, 

The Lord declared to His servants, some eighteen months since, that he was then withdrawing His Spirit from the earth; and we can see that such is the fact, for not only the churches are dwindling away, but there are no conversions, or but very few: and this is not all, the governments of the earth are thrown into confusion and division; and Destruction, to the eye of the spiritual beholder, seems to be written by the finger of an invisible hand, in large capitals, upon almost every thing we behold.”(2)

Recently I encountered another powerful example of the spirit of prophecy which gives further insight into this phenomenon. This statement, by Elder Charles W. Penrose in 1859, explains one reason for the withdrawal of the Lord’s Spirit and gives an expanded list of effects. Read it and see if you don’t agree that it was almost as if he was describing what this world has been experiencing the past 30 to 50 years, much of it very recently.

On the other hand, through the rejection of this Gospel, which “shall be preached to all the world as a witness” of the coming of Christ, the world will increase in confusion, doubt, and horrible strife. As the upright in heart, the meek of the earth, withdraw from their midst, so will the Spirit of God also be withdrawn from them. The darkness upon their minds in relation to eternal things will become blacker, nations will engage in frightful and bloody warfare, the crimes which are now becoming so frequent will be of continual occurrence, the ties that bind together families and kindred will be disregarded and violated, the passions of human nature will be put to the vilest uses, the very elements around will seem to be affected by the national and social convulsions that will agitate the world, and storms, earthquakes, and appalling disasters by sea and land will cause terror and dismay among the people; new diseases will silently eat their ghastly way through the ranks of the wicked; the earth, soaked with gore and defiled with the filthiness of her inhabitants, will begin to withhold her fruits in their season; the waves of the sea will heave themselves beyond their bounds, and all things will be in commotion; and in the midst of all these calamities, the master-minds among nations will be taken away, and fear will take hold of the hearts of all men.(3) 

The obvious relevance which these statements have to events which most of us have witnessed, suggest to me that Joseph Smith and Charles Penrose were actuated by the same spirit of prophecy when they spoke of the withdrawal of the Lord’s Spirit from the earth. To be warned by prophecy is to be exhorted to repentance and preparation and to be edified and comforted.(4)

Thank God for the spirit of prophecy.  Thank God for the Prophet Joseph Smith!

Let’s think together again, soon.

Notes:

1.  D&C 63:32 (32-33), emphasis added.  

2.  Joseph Smith, in Joseph Fielding Smith, comp., Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1967), p. 16, emphasis in the original.

3.  Charles W. Penrose, “The Second Advent,” Millennial Star 21, no. 37 (10 September 1859), p. 582, emphasis added. Compare 1 Ne. 7:14 where the withdrawal is associated with rejecting the prophets, and Hel. 13: 14, 24, 26, 33.  One important result of the withdrawal of the Spirit as noted by Elder Penrose is "frightful and bloody warfare."  This is born out in the chronicle of the demise of the Nephite civilization found in the early chapters of the book of Mormon, where near the end Mormon acknowledges that "the strength of the Lord was not with us; yea, we were left to ourselves, that the Spirit of the Lord did not abide in us...."  Mormon 2:26.  Thus it is that "by the wicked that the wicked are punished." Mormon 4:5.   He also reflected upon the state of the Lamanites and their descendants.  "For behold, the Spirit of the Lord hath already ceased to strive with their fathers; and they are without Christ and God in the world; and they are driven about as chaff before the wind."  Mormon 5:16.  Interestingly, Penrose's prediction preceded by several years the outbreak of modern conflict which we know as the Civil War, the bloodiest in America's history even to this day; two World Wars to follow that, and innumerable conflicts along the way.

4.   1 Cor. 14:3, 31.

God’s Method of Revealing Himself to Mankind is Simple so All Men May Know Him©

I inherited a small book from my grandfather Bachman, which over the years I have felt numerous promptings to read, but have not followed. This morning I finally picked it up. It was apparently a gift to him from someone, perhaps a missionary companion, from where he served for three months in the Swiss-German mission.  He was there from 1909 to 1912, and the inscription is dated 3 June 1912. The book? Ah, it is The Pocket Ruskin. According to Wikipedia  “John Ruskin was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist.” As a collector of great quotations I have encountered his name frequently, so I have been curious about him for a long time.  

I did not start at the beginning. I turned toward the back to the section on “Man and His God.” The very first article taught me something important about Ruskin. I found him to be not only a deep and clear thinker, but also a religiously inclined man. I want to reproduce for you an excerpt about how God reveals himself to mankind which I think will touch you as it did me. The quotation is preceded by an explanation that mankind may be misled by misinterpreting some scripture which would lead one to believe God is so transcendent and removed that we end up with the “dim and distant suspicion of an inactive God, inhabiting inconceivable places, and fading into the multitudinous formalisms of the laws of Nature.” If I read him correctly, this misconception leads to looking upon God as little more than Nature and her laws–the Deistic deity who wound up the Universe and without any interest in mankind, lets it run down. Ruskin has something important to say in reference to this erroneous view. He would teach us that God, transcendent as he is, nevertheless, has made it possible for all his children to know of him.

All errors of this kind–and in the present day we are in constant and grievous danger of falling into them–arise from the originally mistaken idea that man can, ‘by searching, find out God–find out the Almighty to perfection’; that is to say, by help of courses of reasoning and accumulation of science, apprehend the nature of the Deity in a more exalted and more accurate manner than in a state of comparative ignorance; whereas it is clearly necessary, from the beginning to the end of time, that God’s way of revealing Himself to His creatures should be a simple way, which all those creatures may understand. Whether taught or untaught, whether of mean capacity or enlarged, it is necessary that the communion with their Creator should be possible to all; and the admission to such communion must be rested, not on their having a knowledge of astronomy, but on their having a human soul. In order to render this communion possible, the Deity has stooped from His throne, and has not only, in the person of the Son, taken upon Him the veil of our human flesh, but, in the person of the Father, taken upon Him the veil of our human thoughts, and permitted us, by His own spoken authority, to conceive Him simply and clearly as a loving Father and Friend; a being to be walked with and reasoned with; to be moved by our entreaties, angered by our rebellion, alienated by our coldness, pleased by our love, and glorified by our labour; and, finally, to be beheld in immediate and active presence in all the powers and changes of creation. This conception of God, which is in the child’s, is evidently the only one which can be universal, and therefore the only one which for us can be true. The moment that, in our pride of heart, we refuse to accept the condescension of the Almighty, and desire Him, instead of stooping to hold our hands, to rise up before us into His glory–we hoping that by standing on a grain of dust or two of human knowledge higher than our fellows, we may behold the Creator as He rises–God takes us at our word; He rises, into His own invisible and inconceivable majesty; He goes forth upon the ways which are not our ways, and retires into the thoughts which are not our thoughts; and we are left alone. And presently we say in our vain hearts ‘There is no God’.

Let's think together again, soon.

Source:  John Ruskin, in Rose Gardner, ed., The Pocket Ruskin, (London: George Routledge & Sons, n.d.), pp. 278-279, emphasis in the original.